DUX010 is a mature adult male recovered from Burial 9 at the Duxford Hinxton Road excavation, dated by radiocarbon to 1921 ± 25 BP, placing him in the Late Iron Age to Early Roman period (approximately 50 BCE–80 CE). Osteological assessment estimates his age at death as mature adult, around 46–59 years. The sampled element was the petrous portion of the temporal bone, which yielded a high‑quality ancient genome with ~0.7× coverage, nearly 700,000 SNPs on the 1240k panel, authentic ancient DNA damage patterns, and very low contamination. His isotopic values fall within the expected local range for Cambridgeshire, indicating that he spent his childhood in the region. Uniparental markers identify him as Y‑haplogroup R‑Y22442 and mtDNA haplogroup H2a1, both confidently assigned from the sequencing data.

Autosomal analysis places DUX010 within the main Romano‑British cluster identified in the study, showing a genetic profile dominated by Iron Age British ancestry with a measurable but modest continental component consistent with the broader mixture observed in southeastern Britain during this transitional period. Kinship analysis found no first‑ to fourth‑degree relatives among the individuals sampled from Duxford or neighbouring sites, which reflects the limited number of burials analysed rather than any biological isolation. Taken together, the archaeological context, radiocarbon date, age estimate, isotopic evidence, and genomic results present DUX010 as a locally raised man in late middle age living at the threshold of Roman influence in Cambridgeshire, whose genetic profile aligns with the mixed but regionally grounded population documented at the site.

Both DUX010 and Hatherdene 17 fall within the historical territory of the Catuvellauni — a Belgic‑influenced Brittonic tribe that dominated south and west Cambridgeshire in the Late Iron Age and up to the Roman conquest.

Sources for DUX010

• Supplementary Sample Metadata Table (site, burial number, skeletal element)

• Supplementary Radiocarbon Dates Table (1921 ± 25 BP, UBA‑44346)

• IntCal20 calibration range provided in radiocarbon table

• Supplementary Osteological Assessments Table (mature adult, 46–59 years)

• Supplementary Sequencing Statistics Table (coverage, SNP count, read length, damage, contamination)

• Supplementary Haplogroup Assignments Table (Y‑haplogroup R‑Y22442, mtDNA H2a1)

• Supplementary Isotope Results Table (δ¹⁸O values indicating local origin)

• Main Text PCA Figure and Supplementary PCA Figures (Romano‑British cluster placement)

• Supplementary qpAdm / f‑statistics Tables (Iron Age British majority ancestry with continental component)

• Supplementary Kinship Analysis Table (no 1st–4th degree relatives detected)

• Barry Cunliffe, Iron Age Communities in Britain (tribal territory maps for the Catuvellauni)

Notes

Ancient Burial - DUX010, Duxford 10

Hinxton Road Cemetery, Duxford, Cambridgeshire, England. pre & Roman ocupation age cemetary.

Was a male man.

Y Haplogroup: R-Y22442 + 

mTDNA Haplogroup: H2a1

C14 - Age Estimation: 100 bc - 125 ad - note: pre Anglo-Saxon age.

R-Y22442 SNP designation age is much older that the actual skeletal/grave date so at this point we must assume that the DNA sample was degraded and more recent haplogoups were not retreived.

"Phylogenetic Y-DNA analysis by FamilyTreeDNA. Ancient DNA samples are typically degraded and missing coverage, sometimes resulting in less specific haplogroup placements". FTDNA

[1] Christiana L. Scheib et al., Local population structure in Cambridgeshire during the Roman occupation.

Y dna R-Y22442 ftdna dated  2050 bc

burial dated "Carbon14". estimate ~1910±50BP = 63 AD to 163 AD

extract;

Low Genetic Impact of the Roman Occupation of Britain in Rural Communities

The site off Hinxton Road, Duxford, was excavated by CAM ARC in 2,002 (Lyons 2011). Located 11 km southeast of Cambridge, it is situated on a chalk knoll overlooking a crossing of the River Granta, a tributary of the River Cam. There was an Early Iron Age crouched inhumation dated 827 to 540 cal BC and two supposedly Middle Iron Age inhumations, one dated to 386 to 111 cal BC (Lyons, 2011, pp. 10 to 12, 15 to 16), although aDNA analysis presented here indicates that these may be Late Iron Age. During the Late Iron Age, the higher ground was defined by a series of ditches that were repeatedly redug, surrounding a short-lived timber-framed rectangular shrine and a burial ground that was in operation c. 100 CE—125 CE (Lyons, 2011, pp. 38 to 49). The burials are believed to have “formed a selected part of a community perhaps largely made up of a single family or other social grouping” (Lyons, 2011, p. 38). A range of orientations and grave goods were present, with the 27 or more burials containing 37 to 8 individuals divided into four or five groups based on spatial patterning, orientation, etc. (Group 1a: six inhumations and three cremations; Group 1b: two cremations; Group 2: nine inhumations; Group 3: three inhumations; Group 4: six inhumations). 

Lyons  A. Life and Afterlife at Duxford, Cambridgeshire: archaeology and history in a chalkland community. 2011. Report No 141.

EAA 141, 2011: Life and Afterlife at Duxford, Cambridgeshire: archaeology and history in a chalkland community, by Alice Lyons